「2026年度研發替代役」的相似工作

1. 可獨立負責筆電線路設計 2. 熟悉Platform Guideline 3. 系統問題除錯 4. BOM release 5. 可配合出差，獨立排除生產問題

▋ 關於德州儀器 德州儀器(TI)是位居類比晶片世界領導地位的半導體設計與製造公司，持續提供創新及頂尖的半導體技術與產品，協助客戶開發最先進的電子產品。除此之外，TI也針對在校學生及初入社會新鮮人設計完整的培訓制度與挑戰性的工作內容，並提供具競爭力的薪資與福利、完善的升遷管道、輪調培訓計畫以及活潑與國際化的工作環境。 ▋ 應用工程師職務說明 >>在TI做FAE，您可以… • 參與FAE完整培訓計畫，包含1對1 coach、豐富教育訓練資源 • 與全世界專家合作，參與跨國會議及海內外輪調計畫，在國際舞台成長 • 接觸TI多元產品線，包含熟悉的#消費性電子 、時下最夯的#車用電子 ，以及工業用等產品 • 透過專案及團隊合作，快速累積技術硬實力及溝通軟實力 • 享受開放扁平的組織氛圍，不論是專業領域或職涯發展，都能夠勇敢表達 • 走出多元職涯，不論是技術導向的技術專家(technical ladder program) 或是領導團隊的用人主管，TI提供暢通的升遷管道讓您有機會被全世界看見 >>FAE在做什麼 作為“Technical Expertise”，與Technical Sales Engineer併肩合作，了解客戶的技術需求、解決客戶的技術痛點，將TI產品特性與客戶系統需求聯結起來。運用產品選擇、系統、實現和調試方面的技術能力，從而實現業務目標。 • 積極與客戶建立關係，及時掌握客戶開案訊息，進而瞭解其需求與系統設計，推展TI的產品讓客戶的設計更有市場競爭力。 • 透過TI全球技術資源，提供專業技術服務，解決TI產品應用在客戶系統上的技術問題，協助客戶順利導入量產。 • 了解TI系統及產品，並研究同業競爭的狀況，反應客戶需求及市場資訊給研發團隊做為未來產品開發的參考。 ▋ 科技菁英計劃 - TI 應用工程師輪調培訓計畫 有思考過RD之外的另一種職涯可能嗎? 喜歡與人互動並充滿挑戰的工作卻又擔心新鮮人無法立即上手嗎? 別擔心! TI針對FAE新鮮人提供海內外全面且扎實的系列培訓課程， 透過課堂及工作日常的任務的學習，您將具備FAE應具備的各項知識與技能，在客戶面前成為專業與自信的FAE！ 另外，TI亦提供完整的輪調計劃，透過給予新人不同職務內容的學習， 使其能在公司有更多成長及發展的機會。 Business Summary: • New Hire Orientation & Field Sales Office Rotation • Gain basic understanding of TI, our products, the program itself, how to navigate corporate life, and your first taste of sales tools and skills. • Basic understanding of the FAE role, inclusive of relationship building, sales processes, tools and all things relevant to account growth, technical skills, and TI product knowledge • Understand the different roles in the sales office, the customer markets and end equipment, and expectations of a good FAE. Develop an understanding of what makes the various roles successful. • Learn the working models of successful partnerships, and understand the importance of each business process. • Systems Engineering & Marketing rotation • Understand key EE/subsystem design challenges and build collaboration with Sales & BU to support customer and win business • Utilize sales tools and TI.com systems content to become more efficient and effective during Sales process • Understand SEM’s role & responsibility, and how field, BU, and SEM work together to find more and win more 看更多徵才資訊與FAE工作介紹=>https://drive.google.com/file/d/14OG1-iePlNZ8wYJYcnFohLzfBShGg4Th/view?usp=sharing 歡迎至TI職涯官網 https://careers.ti.com/students/ 看更多內容 #R&D外的另一種選擇 #IC Design的另一種選擇 #結合技術及與人溝通 #探索不同產品之技術與應用 #走出多元彈性的職涯 #年薪(含紅利)百萬起跳!

【主要工作職責】 1. 依據專案規格需求, 在排定的時程內, 完成所有硬體相關測試, 並順利量產 2. 跟據初步設計, 在完成最後設計前, 盡可能精簡設計, 降低成本 3. 利用設計方式, 簡化工廠生產流程 【主要工作內容】 1. 電路設計,檢查,與修正 2. 負責新零件料號、ROHS申請和承認 3. 負責BOM表的建立和修改 4. 協助客戶PCB Layout設, Board file的檢查 5. 信號量測及異常分析 6. 試產階段產品的問題分析及解決方案 7. 協助工廠提升量產良率 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

【主要工作職責】 1. 設計結構,讓結構能通過品質的測試,減少組裝問題,以提高經濟效益 2. 優化ID工法,以減少外觀品質問題 3. 開發產品並追蹤,分析各零件的生產,自動化,品管與維護. 4. 跨單位合作解決產品各階段如試產,量產之機構模具,產品外觀品質問題. 5. 新技術的價錢分析與工法的導入,讓產品保持新鮮感 【主要工作內容】 1. 負責新零件料號、ROHS申請和承認 2. 負責BOM表的建立和修改 3. 模具討論與開發 4. 試模備料與試產 5. 信賴性測試與解決 6. 試產階段產品的問題分析及解決方案 7. 協助工廠提升量產良率 【Key Attractions】 1. 產品的生成與成就感的展現 2. 產品工法的涉略與運用 3. 各部門協調能力的學習與實作 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

此專區為符合2026年研發替代役及預聘者投遞，如非研替身分者，歡迎投遞創未來其他職缺！ ##職務類別 1. 硬體研發工程師-RF 2. 硬體研發工程師-Power 3. 系統驗證工程師 4. 元件工程師 ##工作內容 1. RF系統電路架構規劃及設計或系統電源電路(AC-DC/DC-DC/保護電路)、數位控制電路(MCU/FPGA)架構規劃及設計、元件電路板設計/繪製/量測/除錯 2. 電路板測試驗證及除錯檢討、環境測試(輻射測試/EMC測試/溫度測試) 3. 執行產品研發流程及技術文件產出 4. 協助系統規劃、整合、測試、分析與除錯 5. 與驗證部門合作進行環境測試 ##技能需求 1. 具電路 RF / Analog / Digital 電路設計經驗 2. 熟悉量測儀器使用，如SA / NA / SG等 3. 具備基礎焊接能力 ##應徵資格 - 2026年畢業之應屆畢業生 - 研究所以上電子/電機/電信相關科系畢業，專長於主動電路設計領域尤佳 - 欲應徵者請檢附成績單、論文摘要

【主要工作職責】 1. Design and collaborate with the cross-functional team to solve issues throughout the product development process and successfully launch the product in the market. 2. Innovative technology investigation and implementation in the AR/VR product. 【主要工作內容】 1. AR/VR product 2D/3D mechanical design and TA (Tolerance Analysis). 2. BOM (Bill of Material), SOP (Standard Operating Procedure), and part approval documentation. 3. Tooling DFM (Design for Manufacturing), tooling trial, and vendor management. 4. Build support, FA (Failure Analysis), CA (Corrective Action) verification and ECN (Engineering Change Notice) implementation. 5. Innovative technology investigation, feasibility evaluation, and design realization. 【Key Attractions】 1. Collaborating with the Tier 1 customer to design and develop the advanced products. 2. Keeping up with the latest AR/VR technology to be implemented worldwide. 3. Learning the key design and product development process for AR/VR products. *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

1.研究LED、IC等量測系統開發 2.量測系統演算法開發，工具BCB、C# 3.光電量測系統的研究/設計/製作/測試/改善 4.LED客戶產品開發與問題處理 5.影像處理

歡迎2026年畢業並正在找尋研發替代役的同學申請! Direction 1: System Design Power Validation Engineer Direction 2: PCB Layout Engineer Direction 3: System Application Engineer Direction 4: System Engineer, Enterprise What you'll be doing: • Collaborate with system design, hardware, and power engineering teams to participate in end-to-end design, validation, and optimization of hardware products (such as GPUs, AI accelerators, server platforms, etc.) • Responsible for circuit schematic design and PCB layout using EDA tools (such as Altium, Cadence, Mentor Graphics) for multilayer high-speed board design and optimization • Perform PCB design reviews, assist in resolving signal integrity, power integrity, EMI/EMC issues to improve design quality and manufacturability • Participate in board bring-up, debugging, power testing, and performance validation of hardware prototypes, helping to ensure optimal power efficiency under varying operating conditions • Write and maintain design, validation, and test documentation, including but not limited to design specifications, validation reports, and test plans • Work closely with cross-functional teams to continuously improve design processes and enhance product innovation and competitiveness What we need to see: • Hold a Master of Science/Ph.D in Electrical Engineering or related field • Familiar with circuit schematic design and PCB layout processes, and basic proficiency with EDA tools (such as Altium, Cadence Allegro/OrCAD, Mentor PADS, etc.) • Strong interest in power management, DC-DC converters, signal integrity, and high-speed digital design is a plus • Good debugging, analysis, and problem-solving skills; able to work independently or within a team to resolve design and validation challenges • Good command of English for reading technical documentation and communication • Proactive, eager to learn, and passionate about the latest electronics and AI hardware technologies 應徵方式: 請提供以下資料： • 英文個人履歷 • 學士+碩士成績單 (中英文皆可) 提交申請: 請將上述資料投遞至104，符合資格者將會收到進一步的聯繫通知。

1.培養獨立接案，電路設計、選料、分析、對策直至量產導入能力。 2.培訓具備製作電路設計、分析、紀錄...報告能力。 3.能與團隊協作，整合並分析問題。 4.創新研究電源相關領域。

【主要工作職責】 1. 依照所負責的專案去進行車用電子系統的相關設計、品質驗證、開發文件撰寫、問題分析與解決。 2. 跨部門合作去處理產品開發各階段的需求，如試產、展示、量產之硬體問題以利產品生產。 3. 現有技術之最佳化與模組化、新技術之可行性分析與導入。 【主要工作內容】 1. X86, ARM和MCU 架構的相關硬體線路設計。 2. 車用電子相關零件的研究如Sensors/Chipset/Power/PCB等，並整合於系統架構的設計中。 3. 車用電子相關功能之信號量測和驗證。 4. 客戶及內部相關單位之間的溝通協調(如BOM和零件的承認)，以解決相關技術問題。 5. 短期出差：至工廠處理有關試產的相關事宜，及根據客戶需求至國外(如:美國)與相關成員討論技術問題(包含信號量測)。 【Key Attractions】 1. 產品 : 可接觸到美系、歐系和日系的客人與自駕車相關設計及驗證，學習最新的設計概念。 2. 部門 : 內部具同仁技術經驗分享論壇，累積知識深度與廣度，新手與老手無私分享，重視團隊合作成果。 3. 學習 : 鼓勵參加國內研討會及大型展覽，及有機會至國外與客戶討論相關技術問題。 第一階段 : 著重於專業深度之培養，熟悉SOC(X86, ARM)架構的相關介面和汽車網路系統及新產品開發流程等基礎能力之培養。 第二階段 : 參與專案並負責相關硬體線路設計及驗證，具備獨立解決問題之能力。 第三階段：可獨立負責專案中的硬體線路設計及驗證，具備硬體架構的規劃與溝通協調之能力。 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

1.電路圖識圖 2.基本電路異常排除 3.運動控制程式撰寫 4.機台操作及調適

NVIDIA's invention of the GPU 1999 fueled the growth of the PC gaming market, redefined modern computer graphics, and revolutionized parallel computing. More recently, GPU deep learning ignited modern AI— the next era of computing — with the GPU acting as the brain of computers, robots, and self-driving cars that can perceive and understand the world. Today, we are increasingly known as “the AI computing company". We are looking to grow our company, and grow with the most talent in the world! We are looking for a Structural Test Engineer to be part of our Manufacturing Test Team. You will be building next-generation boards and systems, work closely with cross functional teams and suppliers to drive Functional Test HW solution. This position offers the opportunity to have real impact in a multifaceted, technology-focused company impacting product lines ranging from consumer graphics to self-driving cars and the growing field of artificial intelligence. The ideal candidate will drive the scope of structural test plan on baseboards/systems with cross functional teams, review design concept, define validation plan, develop/automate configurations of test infrastructure to test various product features, and optimize test cost/quality/manufacturability. The candidate will be responsible for the development and implementation of structural test plan since EVT build to find SMT, PCB, and component issues earlier to catch and fix rather than finding them later at following stations which will complicate and delay the debug time. You will work closely with PCB designers, tester vendors, fixture houses and CMs to enable the process. What you will be doing: - Define ICT capability, HW design requirements, and board debug capabilities from design review phase, NPI bring-up to mass production phase. - Optimize the structural test plan to find SMT, PCB, and component issues earlier. - Develop Data Science – machine learning of structural tests thru data feed forward and backward. - Work with board designers, layout engineers, tester vendors, and fixture houses by providing detailed DFM and guidance to meet ICT requirements. - Provide support for production bring-up and debugging. - Support new tester platform bring-up in Taiwan. (ICT, BSI, FCT universal tester, etc.). - Coordinate test fixtures/platform automation with suppliers, CMs, and global team. - Define and provide procedure/document and technical support if needed.

【主要工作職責】 1. 依所負責之功能或專案，進行系統硬體設計、功能驗證、測試製具開發、系統及主板開發文件撰寫、問題解決。 2. 跨單位合作解決產品各階段如試產、展示、量產之軟硬體問題以利產品量產及銷售。 3. 現有技術之成本最佳化與功能模組化、新技術及零件之可行性分析與導入。 【主要工作項目】 1. 一般伺服器, AI伺服器, 邊緣伺服器, 與5G伺服器系統硬體線路之規劃與設計。 2. 伺服器之電路板設計Physical Layout之協同合作與佈線規劃檢查。 3. 零件及PCB材料評估選用。 4. 電路板量測及功能測試報告。 5. 跨部門協調、廠商溝通以解決系統設計、測試工廠生產組裝、客戶反饋問題。 【Key Attractions】 1. 可接觸全球頂級資料中心客戶並與其討論產品設計細節。 2. 參與最新的雲端伺服器, AI 伺服器, 邊緣伺服器及5G伺服器之系統工程研發與設計 3. 了解資料中心的雲端硬體架構、市場趨勢與最新技術。 4. 可參與最大規模的伺服器產品研發工程, 由架構規劃, 佈線設計, 樣品測試, 至大量生產的完整流程 5. 學習高可靠度穩定性要求的伺服器硬體和系統設計。 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

【研發替代役/預聘】硬體開發工程師 工作內容： 1. 面板驅動IC、觸控IC、電源IC、影像產品、TV相關系統之FPGA驗證/IC驗證/驗證平台開發 2. TFT LCD驅動系統開發與高速PCB設計 3. 全球面板廠驅動系統技術支援 【研發替代役/預聘】硬體開發工程師 職務條件： 歡迎碩士以上電子、電機、電信、電控、資工等相關系所，具備以下經驗及專長： 1. 熟C/ C++/Verilog，有coding經驗 2. 熟HW電路設計FPGA 3. Evaluation Board(EVB)設計及debug經驗 【共創A+聯詠】 穩健踏實、專家精神、創造優勢 驅動科技、開發創新、引領未來 邀請優秀人才，共創A+聯詠

歡迎2026年畢業並正在找尋研發替代役的同學申請! 職位選擇: Direction 1: Mixed Signal Design Engineer Direction 2: Mixed Signal Analog Circuit Designer What you’ll be doing: • Develop and implement high speed interfaces and analog circuits. You will have hands on experience taking innovative integrated circuit designs at data rates of 25Gbps and higher from concept through silicon characterization. • Help by defining circuit requirements and complete design from schematic, layout, and verification to characterization. • Conduct schematic design of deep-submicron CMOS technologies using Spectre, Hspice or like. • Take ownership for the architecture, transistor design and verification using industry standard EDA tools such as Cadence virtuoso. • Optimize circuit to meet the specifications for system performance. • Work closely with layout engineers by providing detailed floorplan and guidance for matching and high-speed routings. • Provide support for post-silicon bring-up and debugging. What we need to see: • Hold a Master of Science/Ph.D in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering or related field with strong analog design background • CMOS Analog / Mixed Signal Circuit Design Experience in deep sub-micron process (especially in FINFET) • Experience with design and verification tools (Cadence's IC design environment, analog circuit simulation tools like Spectre, HSpice, Finesim, XA) • Experience in crafting test bench environments for component and top level circuit verification • Behavioral modeling of analog and digital circuits • Strong debugging and analytical skills • Analog simulation for noise analysis, loop stability analysis, ac/dc/tran analysis, monte-carlo, etc. • Strong interpersonal skills and ability & desire to work as a great teammate are huge plus. 應徵方式: 請提供以下資料： • 英文個人履歷 • 學士+碩士成績單 (中英文皆可) 提交申請: 請將上述資料投遞至104，符合資格者將會收到進一步的聯繫通知。

您將參與與國際客戶共同開發新世代 POS 、 IoT與通訊 相關產品，從設計初期到量產全流程，確保產品穩定性與品質。 【主要工作職責】 1. 電子產品硬體架構設計與電路開發並依產品規格進行功能驗證並確保設計正確性與可製造性 2. 與韌體、機構、測試及生產團隊協作並負責硬體測試與除錯，分析問題並提出解決方案完成產品開發 3. 負責設計與測試技術文件的撰寫，並參與例行及專案技術討論會議 【主要工作內容】 1. 協助原理圖設計與 PCB Layout 檢視,元件選型、規格分析與技術資料整理 2. 進行硬體功能測試、可靠度測試與數據分析,使用儀器進行訊號量測與記錄 3. 協助設計文件、測試報告撰寫與版本管理 4. 參與技術會議與跨部門討論，吸收並應用新知識 【Key Attractions】 1. 完整研發流程參與－從設計、驗證到量產，完整掌握產品生命週期 2. 跨領域協作經驗－與韌體、機構、測試、製造團隊密切合作，提升全方位工程能力 3. 新技術實驗平台－有機會接觸無線通訊、IoT 及嵌入式平台等最新技術 4. 國際視野－參與大型國際專案與全球市場接軌 5. 優質工作環境－穩定的企業規模與良好的升遷制度 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

1.機台運動控制程序設計及撰寫 2.基本電路異常排除 3.機台操作及調適

【主要工作職責】 1. 新平台筆記型電腦各階段的軟體設計與開發, 包括韌體, Kernel, 測試模組及相關應用程式等 2. 創新技術研究及開發 3. 跨單位解決各種軟硬體相關問題, 追蹤問題, 分析問題並尋求最佳解決方案 【主要工作內容】 1. Responsible for bringing up the board, porting Linux device drivers. (e.q Sensors, Display, Touch, Audio, BT, WiFi, LTE, Camera…) 2. Responsible for tuning stability and performance. 3. Implement autotest scripts. 4. Work with component vendors to solve issues. 5. Produce specifications and determine functional feasibility. 6. Maintain software functionality. 【Key Attractions】 1. 能接觸open source開發環境，為open source做出貢獻，並從中學習程式設計技巧。 2. 參與新技術/新平台的研究與開發，能接觸較新技術及實際導入產品的經驗。 3. 和世界一流的公司合作，有很多機會和國外的人才交流，商討解決方案。 *工作待遇/職稱：將依學經歷進行敘薪

NVIDIA has continuously reinvented itself over two decades. Our invention of the GPU in 1999 sparked the growth of the PC gaming market, redefined modern computer graphics, and revolutionized parallel computing. More recently, GPU deep learning ignited modern AI — the next era of computing. NVIDIA is a “learning machine” that constantly evolves by adapting to new opportunities that are hard to solve, that only we can take on, and that matter to the world. This is our life’s work, to amplify human creativity and intelligence. Make the choice to join us today. Are you passionate about working on a team that is at the cutting and bleeding edge of hardware technology? Our System Level Product Engineering team at NVIDIA works on groundbreaking innovations involving crafting creative solutions for system level diag, verification and post-silicon validation on some of the industry's most complex semiconductor chips. If you're creative and autonomous, we want to hear from you! At NVIDIA, you will have the opportunity to shape some of the most incredible products on the market today from products like DGX-1, P100, the Shield to Tesla for Data Centers. Your work will touch every industry - from medical, to auto, to robotics and more. What you'll be doing: - As a member of our system level product engineering group, you will be responsible to develop and improve all aspects of testing NVIDIA's state of the art GPU products. - Your duties include characterization, yield enhancement, spec validation, customer failure improvement, and addressing the production issue . - Expect to interface with other engineering groups to resolve silicon issues. - Initiate and drive process improvements and preventative actions, possibly through root cause analysis. - It is imperative that this individual always looks to improve work, products, functions and methodologies through an on-going analysis while communicating and sharing new information and methods with cross-functional team members to achieve the company goals. What we need to see: - Master's degree in Electrical Engineering - Be self-motivated with strong technical, interpersonal, written/oral communication skills - Have problem solving experience/ability - Be able to quickly become a strong contributor both as an individual and as a member of highly productive team - Having Python or any other scripting experience is a plus. - Knowledgeable with PC architecture, AGP/PCIe busses and SDRAM/DDR is a plus

#R&D外的另一種選擇 #ICDesign的另一種選擇 #結合技術跟與人溝通的工作 #洞察市場商機 #規劃銷售策略 ▋2026暑期實習計畫介紹 在德州儀器Texas Instruments實習的期間，將有專屬學長姐帶領您，體驗快速變動的跨國際工作環境，獲得充足的專業訓練、貼近實務工作的專案實務經驗，並能享用公司各式線上資源，享受與正職員工同等的優渥的福利待遇，並能優先獲得畢業轉正職的預聘機會，畢業立刻就業！ 您可以說「在TI，你所做的不只是一份工作，而是在參與改寫人類科技及生活方式的發展史」；加入TI，你有機會與全世界的菁英互動，TI更是你展現獨特智慧與潛能的最佳平台。 ▋實習期間及實習地點 -實習期間：2026年07月至2025年08月 -實習地點：台北松山業務辦公室 ▋技術行銷工程師實習職務說明 • 透過TI海內外跨部門的合作，進而了解產品從設計，開發，量產，行銷，訂價，供貨的整個生命週期，並發展年度商業成長計畫 • 透過競品分析，進而了解TI市場戰略優勢,　與客戶建立策略性的關係. • 了解TI系統及產品，反應客戶需求及市場資訊給研發暨行銷團隊做為未來產品開發或訂價的參考 • Define the opportunity at each of your accounts, including understanding the complete list of customer projects, content opportunities, and decision-makers • Understand your numbers, including baseline vs. new project revenue (NPR) at each customer; have your numbers grounded in project plans • Find and kick off all your projects at customers proactively; find projects early • Create action plans to maximize TI content at each account and on each customer project; follow-up once projects are in production with a closed-loop BOM (Bill of Materials) process • Be able to maximize TI revenue through understanding of supply chains, revenue tracking and competitor displacement opportunities • Leverage all the available sales tools, customer intelligence, and resources to properly analyze, prioritize, and disposition activity into opportunities

NVIDIA has continuously reinvented itself over two decades. Our invention of the GPU in 1999 sparked the growth of the PC gaming market, redefined modern computer graphics, and revolutionized parallel computing — with the GPU acting as the brains of computers, robots, and self-driving cars that can perceive and understand the world. Today, we are increasingly known as “the AI computing company.” We're looking to grow our company and build our teams with the smartest people in the world. Join us at the forefront of technological advancement. Make the choice to join us today. We need a creative individual who will help transfer GPU gaming and compute products from design engineering to mass production. You will be exposed to various aspects of building and testing NVIDIA products, from GPUs to assembled boards. In addition, your responsibilities will be to increase yields, test coverage and capacity, and reduce production costs. If you are passionate about building the highest quality server products that will change the world, then we really want to hear from you. What you'll be doing: - As part of Operations Engineering team that plays a key role in developing new GPU products, you will architect, design, and implement efficient manufacturing test processes for our state of the art GPU chips - Identify and implement test processes to improve manufacturing efficiency for our latest GPU architectures, built in leading-edge process technology - Analyze product yield limiters and drive resolution of failures on Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) while leading multi-functional efforts with design, foundry, quality, test to root-cause problems and implement improvements - Define product test requirements and drive NPI bring up, validation, and characterization for smooth production ramp at worldwide manufacturing sites as you continuously find opportunities for potential process improvements and collaborate with multi-functional teams to implement - Influence and optimize the accurate placement of test coverage across our test and supply chain to reduce cost and production waste. Lead detailed data analysis methods to correlate customer failures with internal production data to help understand root cause, risk, and exposure